Kluyveromyces marxianus Ameliorates High-Fat-Diet-Induced Kidney Injury by Affecting Gut Microbiota and TLR4/NF-κB Pathway in a Mouse Model

Objectives. The effects of Kluyveromyces marxianus on high-fat diet- (HFD-) induced kidney injury (KI) were explored. Methods. HFD-induced KI model was established using male C57BL/6 mice and treated with K. JLU-1016 acid-resistant (AR) strain JLU-1016A. Glucose tolerance evaluated via an oral glucose test (OGTT). measured Hematoxylin Eosin (H&E) staining terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) analysis. chemical indexes analyzed, including lipid profiles, inflammatory cytokines, creatinine. levels Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) or phospho-NF-κB p65 (Ser536) alpha inhibitor NF-κB (IκBα) qPCR Western blot. gut microbiota sequenced high-throughput sequencing. Results. HFD induction increased OGTT value, severity, oxidative stress, apoptotic rate, creatinine levels, the expression TLR4/NF-κB, (Ser536), IκBα deteriorated profiles ( P < 0.05 ) reduced abundance. treatment ameliorated metabolic disorders reversed these parameters id="M2"> ). Compared control, proportion Firmicutes but Bacteroidetes Lactobacillus. AR JLU-1016A treatments improved by reducing increasing Lactobacillus in id="M3"> 0.0001 Helicobacter has been identified many infectious diseases after inhibited treatments. exhibited better results possibly acid-tolerance properties to pass through acidic environment stomach. Conclusions. may have a beneficial effect improving inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB pathway activation.